The World as Will and Representation

Schopenhauer

Book I

 The world is my representation: this is a truth valid with reference to every living and knowing being, although man alone can bring it into reflective, abstract consciousness.

The world is representation.

….sages of India

…. the fundamental tenet of the Vedanta school consisted not in denying the existence of matter…

–   ignus fatuus

…existence and perceptibility are convertible terms.

These words adequately express the compatibility of empirical reality with transcendental ideality.

The world is my will

Kant’s  thing in itself has degenerated in his hands..

That which knows all things and is known by none is the subject

…The subject…

. object….

apriori

On the principle  of sufficient reason

A necessary relation to other objects….

…determining

relative

intuitive and abstract

The capacity for these which distinguishes him from all animals has at times been called reason

…mathematics

ground of being

time

it is Maya, the veil of deception

Vedas and puranas

…counting and calculating

Succession

Position

Cause and effect….relative…

space

time

here

there

simultaneously

consequently, causality unites space and time

coexistence

permanence or duration

matter

a priori

at this time and in this place

a posteriori

Kant, “Metaphysical Rudiments of Natural Science”

Understanding

Therefore all perception is intellectual

Immediate objects

Mere data

“Vision and Colors”

Perception

Pure knowledge through the understanding of the cause from the effect

Hume

…only between immediate and mediate object. And hence always only between objects

dogmatism and skepticism

realism and idealism

Fichte

Action

Being

Recollection

Long

Short

Hobbes,  ‘Leviathan‘

Web of Maya

“We are such stuff

As dreams are made on, and our little life

Is rounded with a sleep”

Life is a dream

If we express it objectively

In abstract

….good sense or prudence…..

stupidity..

just dullness in applying the law of causality

Buffon

Lack of understanding was called stupidity deficiency

Foolishness; deficiency in power of judgement as silliness

Lack of memory as madness

That which is correctly known by understanding is reality

Error is opposed to truth as deception of reason; illusion is opposed to reality as deception of understanding.

Schopenhauer’s essay “On Vision and Colors”

Illusion

Representation

Absolute

…. transcendental idealism, that is Fichte’s doctrine of the ego

….it must be to me like a book with seven seals

humbug

matter

…..Thales and the Ionians, Democritus, Epicurus, Giordano Bruno, and the French materialists

Spinoza

Eleatics

The Pythagoreans and the Chinese philosophy of the “I Ching”

Namely from time and consequently from numbers

Veritas aeterna

..a sudden fit of inextinguishable laughter of the Olympians

petito principle

objective

matter

thought

substance

..machinery and fabrication of the brain

qualitative

quantitative

Epicurus

Antinomy

“No object without subject”

materialism  forever impossible

Suns and planets with no eye to see them and no understanding to know them can of course be spoken in words, but for the representation these words are a sideroxylon an iron-wood.

“Thus we see on one hand, the existence of the whole world necessarily dependent on the first knowing being, however imperfect it be; on the other hand, this first knowing animal just as necessarily wholly independent on a long chain of causes and effects which has preceded it, and in which it itself appears as a small link.

Chronos the youngest of the Titans

Fichte

..valid only in phenomenon

….setting out from the subject.

Relativity

Aeterna veritas

Materialism

Representation illusion error cannot refrain from adding here that so long as truth does not exist, error can play its game, just as owls and bats do at night

reflection

in abstracto

The animal feels and perceives; man in addition, thinks and knows; both will

…Greek and Italian speech and reason are expressed by the same word il discorso

Vernunft

Voluntary rectitude and nobility of feeling

Locke in his “Essay on the Human Understanding”

Leibniz

Few men think; yet all will have opinions

Class

Language

Signs

Only in single cases do we pass from concepts to perception, or form phantasms as representatives of concepts in perception

Ad infinitum

Abstracta

Concreta

All combinations of concepts may be referred to these cases, and from them can be derived the whole theory of judgements

…for logic can never be of practical use, but only of theoretical interest for philosophy.

…no one ever became an artist by studying aesthetics

…we do not need to be masters of thorough-bass in order to detect discords

…one who has learned logic for practical purposes is like a man who should seek to train a beaver to build its lodge

…. perfectly safe branch of knowledge

…pleasure of debate…

the scholastics

…art of persuasion

..mentiens, velatus, cornutus(lying, veiled, horned)[dilemma] p.49

…traveling

certainty

judgements are to be established, in what knowledge and science consist, for together with language and deliberate action, we extol these as the third great advantage conferred on us by the faculty of reason.

Reason is feminine in nature; it can give only after it has received. . Of itself alone, it has nothing but the empty forms of its operation. There is absolutely no other perfectly pure rational knowledge than the four principles to which I have attributed metalogical truth, the principles of identity, of contradiction, of the excluded middle, and of sufficient reason of knowledge.

A priori

To know

True

(Wisssen)-rational knowledge

consciousness (Bewusstsein)

feeling(Gefuhl)

“The concept denoted by the word feeling has only a negative content, namely that something present in consciousness is not a concept, not abstract knowledge of reason. However

Not being abstract concepts (Empfindung)[sensation]

…the Greeks called other men barbarians

…to the student all others are Philistines

….the same crude ignorance from pride

…. rational knowledge…

This necessity for space with its three dimensions to be translated into time with only one dimension p54

….the perception of curves with their analytical calculation

How time, we might say, within its one dimension must torture itself, in order to reproduce the three dimensions of space!

…..many minds find complete satisfaction only in what is known through perception

Other minds on the contrary want abstract concepts of use solely for application and communication

The latter seek preciseness, the former intuitiveness. The difference is characteristic.

Billiard player

signature rerun

physiognomy

mosaic

asymptote

genuine art virtue and holiness

depth of will

laughter

Ludicrous

wit folly

…to mask wit as folly, is the art of the jester and clown

the calembour

l’equivoque

(smut, filth)

pun

power of judgement

silliness

explicitly implicitly

Kepler’s second law

(universal gratification)

mathematics, as it was laid down in the form of a science by Euclid

We must look upon this as being like a man who cuts off his legs in order to walk on crutches p69 The deception of the senses

The stick broken in the water

He was therefore necessarily compelled to found the axioms alone on the evidence of perception and all the rest on syllogisms

“For only after we have learnt from this great mind that intuitions or perceptions of space and time are quite different from empirical perception, entirely independent of any impression on the senses, conditioning this and not conditioned by it, i.e. are a priori and hence not in any way exposed to sense-deception – only then can we see that Euclid’s logical method of treating mathematics is a useless precaution, a crutch for sound legs…mistaking at night a bright firm road for water

…but immediately from the form of all knowledge, of which we aware a conscious apriori

qualitas occulta   p.72

the ‘That’ and the ”Why”

analytic path

prefers indirect knowledge to direct knowledge that is just as certain; which further separates the knowledge that something is the form of why it is, to the great disadvantage of science

Instead of this, it directs him to be satisfied with a mere historical knowledge that a thing is as it is

Exerts

Agreement and consistency

Suspicion that perception was only empirical, and hence subject to illusion, disappeared in arithmetic

…..so that they are no longer performed only symbolized.

…..like a cowardly soldier who gives another wound to an enemy killed by someone else, and then boasts that he himself killed him.p.76

….this endows it with a complete certainty and infallibility, for in it the consequent is known from the ground

On the other hand, all empirical perception and the greater part of all experience proceed only conversely

From the consequent to the ground

Induction

…the truth here is never unconditionally certain. Yet all knowledge through sensuous perception and the great bulk of experience have only this kind of truth.

Illusion, which is deception of senses, is possible and often actual…

Pure (or as Kant calls it metaphysical) part. Here also the causes are known from the effects; therefore all natural philosophy rests on hypotheses which are often false, and then gradually give way to others that are more correct. Only in the case of intentionally arranged experiments does knowledge proceed from the cause to the effect

‘….but it required and requires the collected and compared experiences of many other centuries

perfect exactness of the logarithm

infinite fractions

knowledge of the ground from the consequential human beings have their heart on their left side.

….right side….

A priori

Error

Wrong pigeon is caught

The deception of the faculty of reason, is possible

That every error is a conclusion from the consequent to the ground

…..error therefore is wholly analogous to illusion

The illusion of the senses

“If money is missing from my safe, the cause is always that my servant has a skeleton key.

Content o

Relation of the phenomena of the world to one another according to the principle of sufficient reason

Why

Explanation is the establishment of this relation.

Qualitas occulta p80

Space and time

Matter, qualities, original forces, laws of nature;

It is the difference of species and of life itself

The human race with all it’s characteristics of thought and will

Philosophy has the peculiarity of presupposing absolutely nothing as known

Principle of sufficient reason itself, to which the other sciences are content to refer everything

Most universal rational knowledge (Wissen)

The most perfect development of practical reason

Stoic sage

“We must procure either understanding or a rope (for hanging ourselves)

It is not poverty that pains, but strong desire

No attained wish can permanently satisfy

(“It is not things that disturb men, but opinions about things”)

“We must live according to the experience of what usually happens in nature

Zeno

But the moral principle of Zeno – to live in harmony with oneself –

Morphology

Etiology explanation

Natural force

A law of nature

From without

Facades

He finds himself in it as an individual

Will

Immediate object

Objective of the will

It is called pain when it is contrary to the will, and gratification or pleasure when in accordance with the will

…..very reason that it itself the most direct knowledge

objectivity

individual representations

theoretical egoism

….the objectivity of the will

Knowledge of the identical in different phenomena and of the different in similar phenomena

Inferred

Force principium individuationus

Plurality

Stimuli (On diseases of the nervous system)

Voluntary involuntary

Necessity

The will

Fathomed qualitaes occultae

Etiologically

Phoronomy

……geometry can be resolved into arithmetic, which by reason of its unity of dimension is the most intelligible, comprehensible and completely fathomable form of the principle of sufficient reason. Proofs of the method generally indicated here are the atoms of Democritus, the vortex of Descartes, the mechanical physics of Lesage which towards end of the eighteenth century……

“thing in itself”

Goethe,  “Theory of Colors”

“ I know God cannot live a moment without me;

If I should come to naught, He too must cease to be”

Men have attempted in various ways to bring the immeasurable greatness of the universe nearer to the power of comprehension of each one of us, and have then seized the opportunity to make edifying observations

…. grades of the objectification of the will are nothing but Plato’s Ideas

Idea

Plato teaches that the Ideas exist in nature so to speak as patterns or prototypes and that the remainder of things only resemble them, and exist as their copies.

…law of nature…..

morphology…

“form and combination” of  its parts

heat and electricity

Yet these forces in no way constitute vital force, any more than a hammer and an anvil constitute a blacksmith

One and the same

..enters objectivity

polarity Yin and Yang

“I Ching”

Vital force

More or less

Nearer to or farther to

Ideal

Animal kingdom

Homo homini lupus (man is a wolf to man) p. 147

Many insects (especially the ichneumon flies) lay their eggs on the skin, and even in the body, of the larvae of other insects, whose slow destruction is the first task of the newly hatched brood

…The bulldog –ant of Australia, for when it is cut in two, a battle begins between the head and the tail

as Empedocles says, if strife did not rule things, then all would be as unity.

Acid of a salt

Alkalis

Rigidity or as elasticity

…the pressure and resistance

reason as a faculty for forming abstract concepts

Agamemnon

…thus knowledge in general..

knowledge can withdrawal from this subjection, throw off it’s yoke, and, free from all aims of the will, exist purely for itself, simply as a clear mirror of the world; and this is the source of art

….salvation from the world

We have considered the great multiplicity and diversity of the phenomena in which the will objectifies itself; indeed we have seen their endless and implacable struggle with one another p153

…magic lantern….

Pyramid

A hungry will

Hence arise pursuit, hunting, anxiety, and suffering.

External

Inner suitability

….the crystal

intelligible character

Thus, for example, it is not essential; whether a man plays for nuts or for crowns; but whether in play a man cheats or goes about it honestly, this is what is essential.

The Idea lies outside time

Consensus naturae phenomena

Adequate objectivity

I must refer once more to the larva of the male stag-beetle which gnaws the hole in the wood for its metamorphosis twice as large as does the female, in order to obtain room for its future horns

The phenomena of the nature of unity on the will so far in agreement with itself

..continuance

the microcosm

the macrocosm

endless striving

Third book

Objectivity of the will

What Plato called the eternal Ideas or unchangeable forms

Plato says: “ The things of this world, perceived by our senses, have no true being at all; they are always becoming, but they never are.

Progenitor

One

Immanent

Transcendental….

…..therefore Plato says that time is the moving image of eternity

Apollo Belvedere

Idea

Subject of knowledge

Attributed to Thomas Paine, that du sublime au ridicule il nay a qu’un pas

Pure subject of knowing

…. from the sublime to the ridiculous is but a step….

The mind is eternal in so far as it conceives things from the standpoint of eternity

For we look entirely away from that true world as representation, there is nothing left but the world as will

Byron:

‘Are not the mountains, waves and skies, apart?

Of me and of my soul, as I of them?’

Essential

Phenomenon

Homer set up a whole Olympus full of gods to guide the events of time, as he will, with Ossian, regard the figure of the clouds as individual beings

…its immaterial whether they are set in motion by nuts or by crowns

earth-spirit

“The whole source from which the individuals and their powers flow is inexhaustible, and as bound less as are time and space; for just like these forms of every phenomenon, they too are only phenomenon, visibility of the will

It is art, the work of genius

Sculpture, painting, poetry, or music p.184

For it plucks the object of its contemplation from the stream of the world’s course and holds it isolated before it. This particular thing, which in that stream was an infinitesimal part….

It stops the wheel of time

….the way of considering things independently of the principle of sufficient reason

genius consists….

…contemplation

gift of genius

the objective tendency of the mind

state of pure perception

pure knowing subject, the clear eye of the world

…even men with little or no touch of genius may have much imagination

…dreamer….

…readers fancy themselves in the position of the hero, and then find the description very “nice”(gemutlich)

..a pure knowing

…no man was ever distinguished in both at the same time (art & math)

Qu’est-ce que ce la prouve? (What does all that prove?)

..in general may exhibit several weaknesses that actually are closely akin to madness

…even poetic inspiration has been called a kind of madness; amabilis insania

“Great wits to madness sure are near allied,

And thin partitions do their bounds divide”

Pope

Rousseau, Byron and Alfieri

…genius is a phenomenon rare beyond all ordinary estimation and appearing in nature only as the greatest exception

Therefore it seems o me that they’re madly specially concerns memory. P192

…a fixed mania or melancholy

or folly (fatuitas)

only a thought

memory

Ajax, King Lear, and Ophelia

….the Idea he has grasped

Fulfillment

Wish fulfilled

Thus the subject of willing is constantly lying on the revolving wheel of Ixion, is always drawing water in the sieve of the Danaids, and is the eternally thirsting Tantalus.

It is the painless state, prized by Epicurus as the highest good and as the state of the gods; for that moment we are delivered from the miserable pressure of the will. We celebrate the Sabbath of the penal servitude of willing the wheel of Ixion stands still.

…all the same whether we see the setting sun from a prison or from a palace.

Dutchmen

Ruysdael

..from the thralldom of the will

nature most men…..entirely lack objectivity i.e., genius

Platonic Idea

Sublime

…fact that light is the correlative and condition of the most perfect kind of knowledge through perception, of the only knowledge that in no way directly affects the will. For sight, unlike the affectations of the other senses, is in itself, directly, and by it’s sensuous effect, quite incapable of pleasantness or unpleasantness of sensation in the organ; in other words, it has indirect connection with the will.

..sublime…

…the plant world in particular invites one to aesthetic contemplation and, as it were, obtrudes itself thereon

beautiful

consciousness

…Just as man is simultaneously impetuous and dark impulse of willing (indicated by the pole of the genitals as its focal point), and eternal, free, serene subject of pure knowing (indicated by the pole of the brain), so in keeping with this antithesis, the sun is simultaneously the source of light, the condition for the most perfect kind of knowledge, and therefore the most delightful of things; and the source of heat, the first condition of all life, in other words, of every phenomenon the will at its higher grades. Therefore what heat is for the will, light is for knowledge. p.203

….the will that is always in need of strife and attainment…

…..the torture and misery of boredom…

…conduct himself in his respect rather as a knower than as a sufferer.

Censured

..purely objective spirit filled with ideal beauty…..

…disturbs purely aesthetic contemplation

excites

abhorrent

inadmissible in art

beautiful

Human form and human expression are the most important object of plastic art, just as human conduct is the most important object of poetry.

…forma accidentalis

phenomenon of the Idea

architecture

Gothic

Demands of necessity and utility

…in Venice, on Monte Cavallo, in the Elgin Marbles

Venice Arsenal; in the Vatican there

“Tat tvam asi” which means “This living thing art thou”

Goethe says that “Whoever beholds human beauty cannot be infected with evil; he feels in harmony with himself and the world

…the times have become so degraded and crude through the stupifying influence of Hegel’s sham wisdom

“Grace is the peculiar relation of the acting person to the action”

character par excellence

character

in Apollo

Bacchus, Hercules, Antonious. Drunken Silenus, the Faun & so on

Laocoon does not cry out…

Secundum naturum

Virgil

Propylaen

…the wag who, for a joke, stopped up with wax the horn of the sleeping watchman, and then woke him up with the cry of fire, and amused himself watching the man’s fruitless efforts to blow.

Raphael’s violinist

Beauty with grace p.229

Historical painting

Genre painting

Moses found by the Egyptian

Quieter

…spirit of Christianity as of Indian wisdom

Idea or concept

Unitas post rem

As unitas ante rem

Imitatores, servum pecus

“Imitators , the slavish mob”

vice versa

allegory

hieroglyphics

the “Genius of Fame” of Annibale Carraci

the “Goddesses of the Seasons” of Poussin

”The Night’ of Corregio

shield of Achilles

“Time discloses the truth”

symbolism’

emblems

aesthetic symbolical

poetry

Cervantes, ‘Don Quixote’

Swift’s, ‘ Gulliver’s Travels’

‘Revelation’ of John

Poetry

“Where gentle breezes from the blue heavens sigh,

There stands the myrtle still, the laurel high”

[Goethe, Mignon]

rhythm and rhyme

concatenation

profligacy

Dissimulatio

….depicter more or less conceals himself behind what is depicted and finally altogether disappears

..voluptuousness as of mysticism

…tragedies or comedies

“I live not in myself, but I become

Portion of that around me; and to me

High mountains are a feeling.”

`                               [Byron, ‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage’]

…hydraulic engineer

dramatic poet

Thus poetry objectifies the Idea of man, an Idea which has the peculiarity of expressing itself in highly individual characters

It sees through the form of the phenomenon, the principium individuationus

Qui“Faust”

Voltaire’s “Mohammed”

Dr. Samuel Johnson

….demand for poetic justice

…. original sin

(“For mans greatest offence

is that he has been born,”)

Calderon

….extraordinary wickedness of a character

Iago

King Oedipus

Music

Far more serious and profound significance

Copy to the original

Infinitely true

Certain infallibility

Principium individuationus

Immediate

Copy of the will itself

Sons harmonique

Ripienos

In fact, the impure discords, giving no definite interval, can be compared to the monstrous abortions between two species of animals, or between man and animal

Language of feeling and of passion, just as words are the language of reason

“The movement of the melody which imitates, when the soul is stirred by passions

“How is it that rhythms and melodies, although only sound, resemble states of our souls

allegro maeatoso

adagio

minor and major

themselves

abstracta

universalia post re, universalia ante rem, universalia in re

vaudeville

“The Seasons”  by Haydn

Music is an unconscious exercise in metaphysics in which the mind does not know it is philosophizing

Pythagoras

The ‘I Ching’

Teleological view

All things are similar to number

The camera obscura

It is the play within the play, the stage on the stage in Hamlet

The serious side

Fourth Book

The last part of our discussion proclaims itself as the most serious for it concerns the actions of men

…daemon…

his intelligible character

unconditoiones ought

ought

absolute infinite supersensuous

cloud-cuckoo-land p.273

historically

historical philosophizing

web of Maya

without end or aim like a squirrel in it’s wheel

…about the what

alone

“the will to live”

principium individuationus

Shiva

….the necklace of skulls, but also the lingam, that symbol of generations which appears as the counterpart of death

…prompted the Greeks and Romans to adorn the costly sarcophagi, just as we still see them, with feasts, dances, marriages, hunts, fights between wild beasts, bacchanalia, that is with presentations of life’s most powerful urge.

…..intercourse between Satyrs and goats

transitoriness

imperishableness

It ascend to the complete satisfaction of this impulse by means of the gradation of metamorphosis, finally to the blossom and the fruit

It appears just as foolish to embalm corpses as it would be carefully to preserve our excretapresent

-present

…the will to live, or the thing in itself       p. 279

Therefore whoever is satisfied with life, as it is, whoever affirms it in every way, can confidently regard it as endless, and can banish the fear of death as an illusion

…all life is the present

If therefore a person fears death as his annihilation, it is just as if he were to think that the sun lament in the evening and say: Woe is me! I am going down into eternal night.

Only by a false illusion does the cool shade of Orcus allure him as a haven of rest

..from eternity to eternity. It is similar to the sun which seems to set only to our earthly eyes, but which never really sets; it shines on incessantly

…transitoriness

external world

“Here sit I, form men

In my own image’

A race that is like me,

To suffer, to weep,

To weep and to rejoice,

And to heed you not,

As I!”

Goethe, ‘ Prometheus‘

-affirmation of the will to live

…quieter

..freedom

Free

Concatenation

Free will

“Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity”

Must do and cannot leave undone

Dogma of predestination

Gordian Knot for the word (character) has its name from (custom); for ethics has its name from being customary

The followers of Zeno declare figuratively that ethos is the source of life from which individual acts spring

Senca says admirably: velle non discitur

Willing cannot be taught

Mohammed’s paradise

…pilgrimage to Mecca

Repentance

But it is to be noted that, in order to deceive themselves, men prearrange apparent instances of precipitancy which are really secretly considered actions

Pangs of conscience

Elective decision (Wahlentscheidung)

In abstracto Descartes and Spinoza

…case of intense mental suffering

It is not things that disturb men, but opinions about things

There are more things that terrify us than there are that oppress us, and we suffer more often in opinion than in reality [Seneca]

Man in general, not what the individual who feels……

By means of knowledge of the Ideas, sees through the principium individuationus. An actual appearance of the real freedom of the will….

……….as is expressed by the word self-renunciation, in fact the in-itself of its real nature ultimately abolishes itself

theory of inevitable fate

Turkish or Mohammedan

Cicero

Concatenation

unwarrantable tendencies

a priori

a posteriori

acquired character

know

Although, on the whole, he must remain true to himself and run his course drawn by his daemon, he will not describe a straight line, but a wavering and uneven one

What we will and what we can do

Path by hard blows from outside

We have obtained what in the world is called character, the acquired character

The latter is humiliation

…..greatest of mental suffering

…. entrapped elephants

Ovid’s verses admit……

Optimus ille animi vindix laedentia pectus

Vincula qui rupit, dedoluitique semel

See clearly how the will in all its phenomena is subject to necessity, while in itself it can be called free and even omnipotent

He helps the mind best who once for all breaks the tormenting bonds that ensnare and entangle the heart

Quieter

Gravity

No body is without relationship, i.e., without striving or without longing and desire, as Jacob Boehme would say. Electricity transmits its inner self discord to infinity, although the mass of the earth absorbs the effect

Suffering

Satisfaction

Consciousness is enhanced, pain also increases

Human existence

‘All life is suffering’

 57

The human individual finds himself in endless space and time as finite….

When and where

His real existence is only in the present, whose unimpeded flight into the past is a constant transition into death, a constant dying. For his past life, apart from its eventual consequences for the present, and also apart from the testimony regarding his will that is impressed in it, is entirely finished and done with, dead and no longer anything

Future is

…. know our walking too be only a constantly prevented falling, so is the life of out body only a constantly prevented dying, an ever deferred death

…. we struggle with it every second, and again at longer intervals through every meal we eat, every sleep we take, every time we warm ourselves, and so on

….a soap -bubble as long and as large as possible, although with the perfect certainty that it will burst

Willing and striving are its whole existence, and can be fully compared to an unquenchable thirst

Pain

Pain and boredom

…. after man had placed all pain and torments in hell, there was nothing left for heaven but boredom

…. living body with the iron command to nourish it

…nothing but the objectified will-to -live itself

….for a thousand accidents and a thousand enemies lie in wait for him

….no security for him

in what gloom of existence, in what great perils, this life is spent as long as it endures

Life itself is a sea full of rocks and whirlpools that man avoids…..

…inevitable and irremediable shipwreck

….namely death

even death, in the flight from which the whole of life consists becomes desirable

..to kill time

card playing

every human life is tossed backwards and forwards between pain and boredom

stoical equanimity

powerful control of the faculty of reason over directly felt suffering is seldom or never found in fact

grief is…p318

vessel of the Danaides, and we hasten to ever fresh desires

Remember always to preserve equanimity when in adversity, and guard against overweening joy when in luck

For so long as we lack what we desire, it seems to us to surpass everything in value, but when it is acquired, it at once appears like something different; and a similar longing always holds us fast, as we thirst and hanker after life

Ad infinitum

Negative only

Satisfaction of a wish…it is a joy to us to observe evils from which we ourselves are free

Beauty of nature

…life of the genius (Sattva-Guna)

…empty longing, life benumbing boredom (Tama-Guna)

…..partly for help and support, partly for occupation and diversion…. but the absurd and perverse in the realm of thought, the dull and tasteless in the sphere of art, and the wicked and fraudulent in the sphere of action, really assert a supremacy that is disturbed only by brief interruptions.

“Hamlet”

“to be or not to be”

Dante

Vanita

optimism

Wicked way

….in the Gospels world and evil are used almost as synonymous expressions

The affirmation of the will is…p326

Affirmation of the will to live

Prosperine

Pomegranate

..they abstain from the world

amor

focus

phallus

lingam

eternal justice

ego is  microcosm and macrocosm

“bellum omnium contra omnes” (War of all against all) which Hobbes admirably described In the first chapter of his (Hobbes)  ‘De Cive’

“On the Basis of Morality”

Eris

War

 62

voluntary

motive

quieter

self-affirmaation

denial

wrong committed wrong cannibalism murder property

just and lawful seizure of a thing, but only a lawful appropriation or acquired possession of it

detention with formation doing offering

violence cunning

fictitious motives on the strength of which he follows my will while believing that he is following his own

lie

broken contract

wrong

right of compulsion

right to lie p340

“the words of men are to be esteemed as nothing; hardly are their deeds to be trusted”

Queen Christina of Sweden

The white lie

Moral

Inner significance of this conduct in itself

Natural right

Conscience

Do no wrong suffer no wrong

Moral concepts

Principium individuationis

Hobbes

The suffering of wrong

State contracty

Republic

Horde

Of savages

(anarchy) (despotism)

Republics tend to anarchy, monarchies to despotism

….hereditary monarchy

theory of legislation suffering of wrong

The object of the State is that men may live well, that is, pleasantly and happily

Universal welfare must be the first law

….a carnivorous animal with a muzzle is as harmless as a grass-eating animal

right

enforced

The pure theory of right or natural right, better moral right , though always by inversion, is the basis of every just positive legislation

wrong and right

…the deviation of the right t o property

the derivation of the moral validity of contracts

right to punish

future

punishment from revenge

Wrong inflicted on me by someone does not in any way entitle me to inflict wrong on him

In fulfillment of a law

No sensible person punishes because a wrong has been done, but in order that a wrong may not be done

Utopia

Temporal justice

Future eternal justice

…. tablet of Jove p351

dread

For example p353

Beggar’s dream

Only a fleeting illusion had separated him from the suffering of his life

Tormenter and tormented are one p354

“Pues el delito mayor

Del hombre es haber nacido”

(“For man’s greatest offence

Is that he has been born”)

Calderon

Christian dogma of original sin

Vedas

Upanishads

“Tat tvam asi”

“This art thou”

transmigration of souls

in a following of life

Nirvana, in other words, to a state or condition in which there are not four things, namely birth old age disease and death

….the ancient wisdom of the human race will not be supplanted by the events in Galilee. On the contrary, Indian wisdom flows back to Europe, and will produce a fundamental change in our knowledge and thought

amphiboly

(“Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord.” Rom. xii, 19)

Spaniards

Good and bad

Solemnity

Fitness or suitableness of an object to any definite effort of the will

Agreeable to the will….

Is just as we want it to be

Bad

Which therefore denotes everything that is not agreeable

Retention

Bose mechant(spiteful, malicious, unkind)

Inquisition

Inquisition in three hundred years put three hundred thousand human beings a painful death at the stake, on account of matters of faith. All fanatics and zealots should be reminded of this whenever they want to make themselves heard

…. essentially relative

…. all fulfilled wishes and all attained happiness, are only palliatives, anodynes

The thirst for revenge is closely related to wickedness

Neros Domitians, Robespierre

Pangs of conscience

veil of Maya

The prayer, “Lead me not into temptation” means “Let me not see who I am” p367

Comprehend

Conduct

Willing cannot be taught p368

Opera operata

…of not injuring

Pascal

Pure idleness

Inherited property

Can be regarded as morally wrong, even though it must remain right according to positive

Laws

philanthropy

Tat Tvam Asi (This art thou!)

All love is compassion or sympathy

Principium individuationis

Socrates

Spinoza

Pieta

Weeping

Benevolence is nothing but a desire sprung from compassion

Weeping is sympathy with ourselves

Egoism

Quieter

The will now turns away from life; it shudders at the pleasures in which it recognizes the affirmation of life. Man attains to the state of voluntary renunciation, resignation, true composure and complete willlessness.

…. Jesus says,”It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the Kingdom of God”

asceticism

renouncesa

chastity

Sacrifice

Meister Eckhart

Bible, Rom. Viii, 21-24

Buddha

ignominy

Thus he resorts to fasting and even to self castigation and self torture in order that by constant privation and suffering, he may more and more break down and kill the will that he recognizes and abhors as the source of his own suffering existence and that of the world’s

…. in consequence of the impulse previously given to it. Only when the inspired soul separates itself from the body and nature cease for it, does it complete salvation take place. Colebrooke, “On the Philosophy of the Hindus”

denial of the will-to-live

great sculptor

Spinoza

St. Francis of Assisi

“For all that is excellent and eminent is as difficult as it is rare”

theistic or from an atheistic religion

Spinoza

De Emaendatione Intellectus

Stilling the storms of the passions

Overcomer of the world

Plutarch and Livy

Apostles

Meister Eckhart

Luther  ‘Theologica Germanica’

Inner cheerfulness and true heavenly peace

Resignation on the other hand is like the inherited estate; it frees its owner from all care and anxiety forever

Rid of ourselves

…..as craving, fear, envy, and anger drag us here and there in constant pain

Phantasmagoria

Carnival night

Can no longer deceive

“Everything is different to me; I cannot will anything anymore; often I do not know whether I exist or not”

penitent and hard way of life

asceticism

deliberate

…by refusing the agreeable and looking for the disagreeable

…. universal love of mankind

…recognizes as their own all the sufferings of the world.

For this reason all those alluremants have in this respect been personified as the devil

Salvation

Goethe, “Faust”

The sufferings of Gretchen

That remarkable, catholic, transcendental change

Kings, heroes, or adventurers

Trappist

Benvenuto Cellini

Transcendental change

“Phaedo”

Cardinal Beaufort in Shakespeare

Hell con cat nation of circumstance

Has been raised from the particular to the universal

Petrarch

Daphne

Immortal laurel

“the joy of grief”

sentimentality

quieter of the will

Indian myth expresses this by saying that they are “born again”

The happy dream of a beggar

Suicide p398

Shiva

Vishnu

Brahma

Unity of Trimurti

Release me

Voluntary chosen death by starvation

…effect of grace the new birth

freedom of the will

hungry wolf buries

Necessities the kingdom of nature; freedom is the kingdom of grace

Natural man

Adam

Augustine and Luther

Pelagian plain common sense

Works

Faith

Deliverance

Dogmas proper

Subject and object

No will: no representation, no world

Raphael and Correggio

Nothing :

This is also the Prajna- Paramita of the Buddhists, the “beyond all knowledge,” in other words the point where subject and object no longer exist.

Appendix

Criticism of Kantian Philosophy

C’est le privilege du vrai genie, et surtout genie qui ouvre une carriere, de faire impunement de grandes fautes.

Voltaire [Siecle de Louis XIV, ch.32]

[“It is the privilege of true genius, and especially of the genius who opens up a new path, to make great mistakes with impunity” Tr.]

…..(like the serpent in Hercules cradle) p415

…led on this path by Locke

In this way distinction between the phenomenon and the thing in itself obtained an even greater significance

A priori

A posteriori

Preface to ‘Prolegomena’

…grosser nonsense of the ponderous and witless Hegel

seventh book of  “The Republic”

Plato and the Indians

The all-pulverizer

The work of Maya,

the shadow-world of Plato

to the one highest reality

To send the dreamers still more soundly to sleep

Conditioned by the subject’s manner of knowing

…like a squirrel in his wheel

…and consequently that we never know the essential nature of the world, namely the thing in itself

Critique of Pure Reason

Metaphysics is the science of that which lies beyond the possibility of all experience

Know prior to

Farther than possible experience

Subjective origin

…as a riddle

“begging of the question”

brilliant dryness

Higher appreciation of philosophical madness in the professor’s chair, and of poetical madness in the theatre

Symmetry

The table of judgements

Berkeley

Transcendental Aesthetic

“not gained on the path of experience, and hence not come into us from without

reason (Vernunft)

given

absolute object

perceived object

Aesthetic

Analytic

Physiognomy

Locke’s Empiricism

Continuum

Concepts

Schematism

Psychological

Multifarious

Ecypte of all perceptions

Puppet – show

The abstract concept

“All oaks bear gall-nuts’ -a metalogical truth

form

content

categorical judgement

quality

quantity

distinctive judgements

Matter

Permanence

Sequence of time

Modality

Contingency

architectonic symmetry

petito principii

modality

apodictic

hypothetical

categorical

problematical

(a law of nature)

physical, logical, mathematical, and practical

from the general to the particular

disregarding all causal connection

right-angled, obtuse-angled, or equiangular

must have three angles amounting to two right angles.

Thus here we arrive at the possible only by passing from the perceptible to the abstract. P469

Union of time and space

Flux of time

Abstract

Material

Leibniz

Give

Whether with or without understanding

Eleatics

Forms

Not in the lexicon

Partes orationisWhat are the forms of thinking?

Judging

Whenever we use a verb we judge

Judgement consists in recognizing the relation between a subject and a predicate

Caius ages

Concurritur

Speech

Its

Form

Thought-forms

Their function is to express these forms of thought

They are the instruments the clothing of the forms of thought which must be made to fit their structure accurately, so that that structure can be recognized in it

Logical table of judgements

Quality copula

Quantity

-all Socrateses

Modality

excluded middle

Relation

Hypothetical

Disjunctive

Parts of speech

Judgement

Just enumerated

Language could be imagined in which adjective and verb were always amalgamated

Subject

Predicate

exception of esse (to be)

the thought forms

..distinguishable.

Thus abstract knowledge is related to intuitive as the shadow is to real objects

multiplicity

(Vernunft)

contradicts

the immediate perceptible

sufficient reason

abstract concepts

meaning only through

totality

series

nearest

causal

condition is again

operatioon begins

never be a real succesive series

removed

or next conditioon completeness is

series

sufficient

suficient

ground

grounds

effects

completeness of the condition

first becomes sufficient

series

antinomies

critique

descending

definiteness

(Vernunft)

unconditioned

knowledge

a parte ante

“why”

a priori

philosophies p484

proof incognito

Kant

longer appear in its true form p484

disguises

intuition

vagabond, half-beginning halfdemanding

philosophemes

concipittur

quod per se est

Are ye not like women who ever

Return merely to their first word

Though one has talked reason for hours?

Schiller,  ‘Wallenstein’  Tod, ii, 3 [tr.]

Buddhism

Buddhism

(vernunft)

conditioned  that we…. P484

apply and appropriately

knowledge

survey

animal

universal

between animal

grounds of knowledge

and thus our faculty

a priori

a posteriori

Sufficient Reason

unconditioned

expresssioon

grounds

of knowledge

contrary

it wishes

justificatioon

Kant

reason (Vernnunft)

(Vernunft)

architectectonic symmetry

syllogism

unconditioned

unconditionedness

experience

influence of Christianity

creation

Hindustan

Brahma

“God”

Greeks

Egyptians

England

Oxford

Jews

Numenius

Eusebius

Clement

Moses

Greek philosophers

Babylonians

Plutarch

Lactatinius

Gabete der Juden

Jews

sophistication’s

illusions

Ideas of Reason

Ideas

fleeting things

visible

Middle ages

Englishmen

Frenchmen

Platonic significance

rational psychology

Kant’s love

Accordingly

(Vernunft)

Kant’s

Kant corporeal

willing

dogmatists prove

Phaedrus

substance

representations

ruling in that class

substance

matter

substance

under itself

genera

(Vernunft)

substance

reason

concept

subspecies

impenetrability

immaterial substance

a Procrustean

concerning the universe

object-in-itself

hypothetical

sufficient

sophisms

cosmological Ideas

Quantity quality

quality

quality

hypothetical form

principle

ground

love of symmetry

freedom here

antithesis

the weakness of the subtlety reasoning individual p.493

the deeply imprinted prejudices

the proof of the thesis

a priori

sustain the thesis

nervus argumentationis

isolated, bare

speculative

Kant

Kantian

absurd

thought

thought

possibility

reettrogresion

spatial limits of the world

a given whole

Totality

a priori

no empty space]

world in space the ancient philosophers

Hindus

Vedas

Maya

365

appeared

Del Infinito Universo

compound

existence

possibility of splitting

divisibility

a parte ante

extent

“Space should really not be called a compositum, but a totum…….

Kant, ‘Metaphysical Rudiments of Natural Science’

Kant spoils

Atoms

Dynamics

sufficient

simultaeously

state B

A Itself

A no longer

already shown p498

of reason (Vernunft)

effrontery

series of conditions

petito principii

the first

…. exceedingly paradoxical doctrine

sixth trick

series

thesis

reason (Vernunft)

the world

universe

only through regresses, not before it

inconsistent

antithesis

entirely, endless

Aristotle

A mediator

before

objectively

Kant

before the regressus

Through

determination

Kant

transcendental identity

knowledge

Kant himself

Kant’s mind

Idea of Freedom

Kant’s concept of nature

‘Prolegomena’

Kant

Kant

Kant’s

Kant has

Kant here

vece versa

merely a posteriori

toto genere

freedom

of freedom

phenomena

philosophy

Precisely

– the stone

(Vernunft)

‘Critique of Practical Reason”

cultured

Idea of an unconditioned base

will

a definitte

“On Freedom of the Will”

Kant, “Critique of Pure Reason”

Kant

Pure Reason

Vernunft

phenomena

knowledge

phenomena

of inanimate

also exhausts the innermost essence…..

conception of it

phenomena

presupposes it

is toto genere

Therefore

spite of

objectification

explained

in the world

point in question

with the third

reason

Scholasticism

Anselm himself

Kant was…

Descartes

in itself

God

Leibniz

de Dieu

perfectio it

procedure

disjunctive

certainly speak

matter that exists

Cleanthes

Dialectic

Aesthetic

Kant’s time

philosophy

principal

heartily glad

Hume’s, ‘Natural History of Religion’

Kant

worthy of esteem

intellectual intuitions

performance of the task

Aristotle, “Organon”

cosmological proof

Schopenhauer, “On The Will in Nature”

feeling

inclination

Primus in orbe Deos fecit timor

Kant

Christian Government’s p512

God is a matter…

…..and physico-theological proofs

….and theism

a person who really could…..

osteologie comparee

connaissance

5 September 1853

These gentlemen do…

confreres

theism

existence and inner nature

ultimate aims of the natural dialectic

Kant

Cabanis

“Critique of Pure Reason”

King Kant

Kantian philosophy

love for architectonic symmetry

(Vernunft)

However all

German savants

….the most rational of all men

rational life

rightly respects

reasonableness

rational deed

how to procure for himself

arrogance

humiliation

is rational

to riches, honors

accordance with

not allow himself to be led astray

misery

rational way

reason

practical reason

irrational

Machiavelli

…of Coriolanus

Romans who p516

Princess Isabella

Nevertheless

Kant

Aristotle,’ Ethica Magna’

Reason deceives

us

Reason deceives us

My natural feelings spoke in favour of the common interest but my reason referred everything to myself…we try in vain to base virtue on reason alone, but what solid foundations can we give it

dictates of conscience

….part belong magnanimity, prudence, sagacity, wisdom, docility, memory and the like…..

faculty of reason

reason to be the faculty of concepts

(Vernunft)

he does is done with

self-conscious willing

mirrors himself

prudentia

deteriora sequor

practical

necessary in the connection

reason shows…

disposition and…

momentary impression

happens

background of conscioousness

opinion

admirari Christian Philosophers

Kant’s Exposition

(Vernunft)

‘Critique of Pure Reason’

established thing

Knowledge of principles

a priori

practical

while overlooking

imperative that lies

‘Critique of Pure Reason‘

Thus Kant starts

Perfectly right

ought

unconditioned ought

contrasdictio in adjecto

…..this world

the Stoics and the Epicureans

philosophers of modern times

Republic

Christianity

Libertate Christiana

In his highest good

cannot live

We can convince

“Critique of Practical Reason”

any way practiced for the sake…..

ought the fundamental

same time

principle gives

myself alone

object and aim

egoism of others

This however is the only ground on account

universal law

influences this alone

Kant himself

Morals

fieree non vis, alteri

passive

suffering or wrong

doer of the action

Kant’s satisfaction

alteri ne feceris

content

epigram by Schiller

benevolence

maxims

genuine spirit

But, what

constitute its meritorious element

affection

regard

law, cold

art

dealt with by Plato and Seneca

Christian Doctrine

certain extant innate

anyone the capacity

of art

ethical system

race

by means of abstract

knowledge(effect of grace)

Kant

necessary combination

ethical system

renunciation

fundamentally irreconcilable

Kantian view regarding positive exposition

Kant’s love of architectonic

symmetry

Jurisprudence

weakness

nagative method

Legal obligation

concept of law

second place

negative

consistent with the coexistence

individuals in juxtapositioon

universal law

coexistence

property

the natural

law

acquisition through

reason (Vernunft)

a pattern of attained perfection

art remained p529

Goethe

beautiful

artistic beauty from

the spurious

genuiness

the object

Home

a priori

perfection of knowledge

knowledge of perception

beautiful in order

camera obscura

“Critique of Aesthetic Judgement”

suitableness or…

power of judgement

‘Critique of Pure Reason’

representation

prolixity and repetition

organic bodies

further explanation

if we leave this province

chemistry, electricity, magnetism, crystallization

“Teleological Judgement”

“On the Will in Nature”

Schopenhauer, “Parega and Paralipomena”

Accordingly, it cannot be expected that all I have said on a subject will appear all together in one place.   p534

end of part 1